Herbs & Supplements

References

Abadie JM, Malcolm GT, Porter JR, Svec F. Dehydroepiandrosterone alters lipid profiles in Zucker rats. Lipids. 2000;35(6):13-20.

Abadie JM, Wright B, Correa G, Browne ES, Porter JR, Svec F. Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on neurotransmitter levels and appetite regulation of the obese Zucker rat. The Obesity Research Program. Diabetes. 1993;42(5):662-669.

Acacio BD, Stanczyk FZ, Mullin P, Saadat P, Jafarian N, Sokol RZ. Pharmacokinetics of dehydroepiandrosterone and its metabolites after long-term daily oral administration to healthy young men. Fertility and Sterility. 2004;81(3):595-604.

Al-Harithy RN. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in women. Relationships with body mass index, insulin and glucose levels. Saudi Medical Journal. 2003;24(8):837-841.

Allolio B, Arlt W. DHEA treatment: myth or reality? Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002;13(7):288-294.

Andus T, Klebl F, Rogler G, Bregenzer N, Scholmerich J, Straub RH. Patients with refractory Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis respond to dehydroepiandrosterone: a pilot study. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003;17(3):409-414.

Anon. DHEA: the last elixir. Prescrire International. 2002;11(60):118-123.

Aoki K, Nakajima A, Mukasa K, Osawa E, Mori Y, Sekihara H. Prevention of diabetes, hepatic injury, and colon cancer with dehydroepiandrosterone. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2003;85(2-5):469-472.

Arlt W, Callies F, van Vlijmen JC, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;341:1013-1020.

Arlt W, Callies F, Koehler I, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation in healthy men with an age-related decline of dehydroepiandrosterone secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001;86(10):4686-4692.

Baptista T, Alastre T, Contreras Q, et al. Effects of lithium carbonate on reproductive hormones in healthy men: relationship with body weight regulation--a pilot study. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology, Biology and Psychiatry. 1997;21(6):937-950.

Barad DH, Gleicher N. Increased oocyte production after treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone. Fertility and Sterility. 2005;84(3):756.

Barnhart KT, Freeman E, Grisso JA, et al. The Effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone Supplementation to Symptomatic Perimenopausal Women on Serum Endocrine Profiles, Lipid Parameters, and Health-Related Quality of Life. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84(11):3896-3902.

Barrett-Connor E, Ferrera A. Dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, obesity, waist-hip ratio, and non-insulin dependent diabetes in postmenopausal women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996;81(1):59-64.

Barry NN, McGuire JL, van Vollenhoven RF. Dehydroepiandrosterone in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship between dosage, serum levels, and clinical response. Journal of Rheumatology. 1998;25:2352-2356.

Baulieu EE, Thomas G, Legrain S, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and aging: contribution of the DHEAge Study to a sociobiomedical issue. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. 2000;97(8):4279-4284.

Berr C, Lafont S, Debuire B, Dartigues JF, Baulieu EE. Relationships of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the elderly with functional, psychological, and mental status, and short-term mortality: a French community-based study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. 1996;93(23):1310-1315.

Binello E, Gordon CM. Clinical uses and misuses of dehydroepiandrosterone. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 2003;3(6):635-641.

Bird CE, Masters V, Sterns EE, Clark AF. Effects of tamoxifen on testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. 1985;8(2):97-102.

Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau MA, Adams LF, Rubinow DR. Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment of midlife dysthymia. Biology and Psychiatry 1999;45(12):1533-1541.

Boccuzzi G, Di Monaco M, Brignardello E, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone antiestrogenic action through androgen receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Anticancer Research. 1993;13(6A):2267-2272.

Boudou P, Sobngwi E, Ibrahim F, et al. Hyperglycaemia [sic] acutely decreases circulating dehydroepiandrosterone levels in healthy men. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). 2006;64(1):46-52.

Bovenberg SA, van Uum SH, Hermus AR. Dehydroepiandrosterone administration in humans: evidence based? Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2005;63(8):300-304.

Brooke AM, Kalingag LA, Miraki-Moud F, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) improves psychological well-being in male and female hypopituitary patients on maintenance growth hormone replacement. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Epublished ahead of print July 18, 2006.

Buster JE, Casson PR, Straughn AB, et al. Postmenopausal steroid replacement with micronized dehydroepiandrosterone: preliminary oral bioavailability and dose proportionality studies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992;166(4):1163-1170.

Buvat J. Androgen therapy with dehydroepiandrosterone. World Journal of Urology. 2003;21(5):346-355.

Calhoun K, Pommier R, Cheek J, Fletcher W, Toth-Fejel S. The effect of high dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels on tamoxifen blockade and breast cancer progression. American Journal of Surgery. 2003;185(5):411-415.

Calhoun KE, Pommier RF, Muller P, Fletcher WS, Toth-Fejel S. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate causes proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells despite treatment with fulvestrant. Archives of Surgery. 2003;138(8):879-883.

Callies F, Fassnacht M, van Vlijmen JC, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency: effects on body composition, serum leptin, bone turnover, and exercise capacity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001;86(5):1968-1972.

Carson-DeWitt R. Addison's disease. In: Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Farmington Hills, Michigan; Gale Group: 2002.

Casson PR, Andersen RN, Herrod HG, et al. Oral dehydroepiandrosterone in physiologic doses modulates immune function in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995;169(6)1536-1539.

Casson PR, Lindsay MS, Pisarska MD, Carson SA, Buster JE. Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation augments ovarian stimulation in poor responders: a case series. Human Reproduction. 2000;15(10):2129-2132.

Casson PR, Santoro N, Elkind-Hirsch K, et al. Postmenopausal dehydroepiandrosterone administration increases free insulin-like growth factor-I and decreases high-density lipoprotein: a six-month trial. Fertility and Sterility. 1998;70(1):107-110.

Casson PR, Straughn AB, Umstot ES, Abraham GE, Carson SA, Buster JE. Delivery of dehydroepiandrosterone to premenopausal women: effects of micronization and nonoral administration. American Journal of Obstetics and Gynecology. 1996;174(2):649-653.

Catalina F, Milewich L, Kumar V, Bennett M. Dietary dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits bone marrow and leukemia cell transplants: role of food restriction. Experimental Biology in Medicine (Maywood). 2003;228(11):1303-1320.

Ceschel GC, Mora PC, Lombardi Borgia S, Maffei P, Ronchi C. Skin permeation study of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) compared with its alpha-cyclodextrin complex form. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002;91(11):2399-2407.

Chen F, Knecht K, Birzin E, et al. Direct agonist/antagonist functions of dehydroepiandrosterone. Endocrinology. 2005;146(11):4568-4576.

Christiansen JJ, Gravholt CH, Fisker S, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation in women with adrenal failure: impact on twenty-four hour GH secretion and IGF-related parameters. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). 2004;60(4):461-469.

Cleary MP, Zisk JF. Anti-obesity effect of two different levels of dehydroepiandrosterone in lean and obese middle-aged female Zucker rats. International Journal of Obesity. 1986;10(3):193-204.

Coleman E. DHEA -- an anabolic steroid? Health Care Reality Check. No Date Given. Available at: http://www.hcrc.org/contrib/coleman/dhea.html Accessed February 12, 2003.

Coles AJ, Thompson S, Cox AL, Curran S, Gurnell EM, Chatterjee VK. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in patients with Addison's disease has a bimodal effect on regulatory (CD4+CD25hi and CD4+FoxP3+) T cells. European Journal of Immunology. 2005;35(12):3694-3703.

ConsumerLab. Product review: DHEA Supplements. No date given. Available at: http://www.consumerlab.com/results/dhea.asp. Accessed May 18, 2004.

Dayal M, Sammel MD, Zhao J, Hummel AC, Vandenbourne K, Barnhart KT. Supplementation with DHEA: effect on muscle size, strength, quality of life, and lipids. Journal of Womens Health (Larchmont). 2005;14(5):391-400.

Dean CE. Prasterone (DHEA) and mania. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000;34(12):1419-1422.

Defay R, Pinchinat S, Lumbroso S, Sultan C, Papoz L, Delcourt C; The POLA study group. Relationships between hormonal status and cataract in french [sic] postmenopausal women: the POLA study. Annals of Epidemiology. 2003;13(9):638-644.

Dehydroepiandrosterone combination receives FDA orphan drug status. [press release] Montreal, Canada: Paladin Labs, Inc.; August 29, 2003.

Derksen RH. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and systemic lupus erythematosus. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998;27(6):335-347.

Diamond P, Cusan L, Gomez JL, Belanger A, Labrie F. Metabolic effects of 12-month percutaneous dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Journal of Endocrinology. 1996;150 Suppl:S43-S50.

Dillon JS. Dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related steroids: their role in inflammatory, allergic and immunological disorders. Current Drug Targets in Inflammation and Allergy. 2005;4(3):377-385.

Dyner TS, Lang W, Geaga J, et al. An open-label, dose-escalation trial of oral dehydroepiandrosterone tolerance and pharmacokinetics in patients with HIV disease. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.1993;6(5):459-465.

Ebeling P, Koivisto VA. Physiological Importance of dehydroepiandrosterone. Lancet 1994; 343(8911):1479-1481.

Fabian TJ, Dew MA, Pollock BG, Reynolds CF 3rd, Mulsant BH, Butters MA, et al. Endogenous concentrations of DHEA and DHEA-S decrease with remission of depression in older adults. Biology and Psychiatry. 2001;50(10):767-774.

Finckh A, Berner IC, Aubry-Rozier B, So AK. A randomized controlled trial of dehydroepiandrosterone in postmenopausal women with fibromyalgia. Journal of Rheumatology. 2005;32(7):1336-1340.

Fiore C, Inman DM, Hirose S, Noble LJ, Igarashi T, Compagnone NA. Treatment with the neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone promotes recovery of motor behavior after moderate contusive spinal cord injury in the mouse. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2004;75(3):391-400.

Fischer L, Mahoney C, Jeffcoat AR, et al. Fischer L, Mahoney C, Jeffcoat AR, et al. Clinical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of purified soy isoflavones: multiple-dose administration to men with prostate neoplasia. Nutrition and Cancer. 2004;48(2):160-170.

Flynn MA, Weaver-Osterholtz D, Sharpe-Timms KL, Allen S, Krause G. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in aging humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84(5):1527-1533.

Formoso G, Chen H, Kim JA, Montagnani M, Consoli A, Quon MJ. Dehydroepiandrosterone mimics acute actions of insulin to stimulate production of both nitric oxide and endothelin 1 via distinct phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathways in vascular endothelium. Molecular Endocrinology. 2006;20(5):1153-1163.

Foth D, Nawroth F. Effect of soy supplementation on endogenous hormones in postmenopausal women. Gynecological and Obstetrical Investigation. 2003;55(3):135-138.

Frye RF, Kroboth PD, Folan MM, et al. Effect of DHEA on CYP3A-mediated metabolism of triazolam. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000;67(2):109 (abstract PI-82).

Fukui M, Kitagawa Y, Nakamura N, Kadono M, Hasegawa G, Yoshikawa T. Association between alcohol consumption and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate [sic] concentration in men with Type 2 diabetes: a link to decreased cardiovascular risk. Diabetes Medicine. 2005;22(10):1446-1450.

Genazzani AD, Lanzoni C, Genazzani AR. Might DHEA be considered a beneficial replacement therapy in the elderly? Drugs and Aging. 2007;24(3):173-185.

Genazzani AD, Stomati M, Bernardi F, Pieri M, Rovati L, Genazzani AR. Long-term low-dose dehydroepiandrosterone oral supplementation in early and late postmenopausal women modulates endocrine parameters and synthesis of neuroactive steroids. Fertility and Sterility. 2003;80(6):1495-1501.

Golden NH. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa. Adolescent Medicine. 2003;14(1):97-108.

Gomez-Merino D, Chennaoui M, Burnat P, Drogou C, Guezennec CY. Immune and hormonal changes following intense military training. Military Medicine. 2003;168(12):1034-1038.

Gordon CM, Grace E, Emans SJ, et al. Effects of oral dehydroepiandrosterone on bone density in young women with anorexia nervosa: a randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002;87(11):4935-4941.

Grimley Evans J, Malouf R, Huppert F, van Niekerk JK. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation for cognitive function in healthy elderly people. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD006221.

Gurnell EM, Hunt PJ, Curran SE, et al. A longer term trial of DHEA replacement in Addison's disease. Endocrine Abstracts. 2002;4:OC24. Available at: http://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/ 0004/ea0004oc24.htm. Accessed May 18, 2004.

Hansen PA, Han DH, Nolte LA, Chen M, Holloszy JO. DHEA protects against visceral obesity and muscle insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet. American Journal of Physiology. 1997;273(5 Pt 2):R1704-R1708.

Hardin C, Pommier R, Lefleur B, Jackson T, Toth-Fejel S. Understanding the biologic mechanisms responsible for breast-cancer progression during tamoxifen or fulvestrant treatment. American Journal of Surgery. 2004;188(4):426-428.

Harris DS, Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI. Movement disorder, memory, psychiatric symptoms and serum DHEA levels in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. World Journal of Biology and Psychiatry. 2001;2(2):99-102.

Hayashi F, Tamura H, Yamada J, Kasai H, Suga T. Characteristics of the hepatocarcinogenesis caused by dehydroepiandrosterone, a peroxisome proliferator, in male F-344 rats. Carcinogenesis. 1994;15(10):2215-2219.

Head KA, Jurenka JS. Inflammatory bowel disease Part 1: ulcerative colitis--pathophysiology and conventional and alternative treatment options. Alternative Medicine Review. 2003;8(3):247-283.

Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, Gordon GB, et al. Serum gonadotropins and steroid hormones and the development of ovarian cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274(24):1926-1930.

Hinson JP, Brooke A, Raven PW. Therapeutic uses of dehydroepiandrosterone. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 2003;4(10):1205-1208.

Hirshman E, Merritt P, Wang CC, et al. Evidence that androgenic and estrogenic metabolites contribute to the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone on cognition in postmenopausal women. Hormones and Behavior. 2004;45(2):144-155.

Hoffman SW, Virmani S, Simkins RM, Stein DG. The delayed administration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate improves recovery of function after traumatic brain injury in rats. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2003;20(9):859-870.

Howard JS 3rd. Severe psychosis and the adrenal androgens. Integrated Physiology and Behavioral Science. 1992;27(3):209-215.

Huppert FA, Van Niekerk JK. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation for cognitive function . Cochrane Database System Review. 2001;(2):CD000304.

Jankowski CM, Gozansky WS, Schwartz RS, et al. Effects of DHEA Replacement Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Epublished ahead of print May 30, 2006.

Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.

Kaur G, Kulkarni SK. Subchronic studies on modulation of feeding behavior and body weight by neurosteroids in female mice. Methods and Findings in Experimental Clinical Pharmacology. 2001;23(3):115-119.

Kawano H, Yasue H, Kitagawa A, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;88(7):3190-3195.

Klasco RK, ed. AltMedDex System. MicroMedex, Inc. Greenwood Village, Colorado. 2003.

Kohut ML, Thompson JR, Campbell J, et al. Ingestion of a dietary supplement containing dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione has minimal effect on immune function in middle-aged men. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003;22(5):363-371.

Kroboth PD, Salek FS, Pittenger AL, Fabian TJ, Frye RF. DHEA and DHEA-S: a review. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999;39(4):327-348.

Kroboth PD, Salek FS, Stone RA, Bertz RJ, Kroboth FJ 3rd. Alprazolam increases dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999;19(2):114-124.

Kuratsune H, Yamaguti K, Sawada M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate deficiency in chronic fatigue syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 1998;1(1):143-146.

Kurzman ID, Panciera DL, Miller JB, MacEwen EG. The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone combined with a low-fat diet in spontaneously obese dogs: a clinical trial. Obesity Research. 1998;6(1):20-28.

Labrie F, Diamond P, Cusan L, Gomez JL, Belanger A, Candas B. Effect of 12 month dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy on bone, vagina, and endometrium in postmenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;82(10):3498-3505.

Labrie C, Flamand M, Belanger A, Labrie F. High bioavailability of dehydroepiandrosterone administered percutaneously in the rat. Journal of Endocrinology. 1996;150(Suppl):S107-S118.

Leal AM, Magalhaes PK, Souza CS, Foss NT. Adrenocortical hormones and interleukin patterns in leprosy. Parasite Immunology. 2003;25(8-9):457-461.

Legrain S, Berr C, Frenoy N, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in a long-term care aged population. Gerontology. 1995;41(6):343-351.

Legrain S, Girard L. Pharmacology and therapeutic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone in older subjects. Drugs and Aging. 2003;20(13):949-967.

Legrain S, Massien C, Lahlou N, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement administration: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in healthy elderly subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;85(9):3208-3217.

Lovas K, Gebre-Medhin G, Trovik TS, et al. Replacement of dehydroepiandrosterone in adrenal failure: no benefit for subjective health status and sexuality in a 9-month, randomized, parallel group clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;88(3):1112-1118.

Maayan R, Lotan S, Doron R, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) attenuates cocaine-seeking behavior in the self-administration model in rats. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;16(5):329-339.

Maayan R, Shaltiel G, Poyurovsky M, et al. Chronic lithium treatment affects rat brain and serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulphate (DHEA-S) levels. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;7(1):71-75.

Maayan R, Touati-Werner D, Ram E, Strous R, Keren O, Weizman A. The protective effect of frontal cortex dehydroepiandrosterone in anxiety and depressive models in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2006;85(2):415-421.

MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID. Obesity in the dog: role of the adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Journal of Nutrition. 1991;121(11 Suppl):S51-S55.

Maggio M, Ceda GP, Denti L, et al. Decreased DHEAS secretion in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases treated with glucocorticoids. Journal of Endocrinology Investigation. 2002;25(10 Suppl):87-88.

Markowitz JS, Carson WH, Jackson CW. Possible dihydroepiandrosterone-induced [sic] mania. Biology and Psychiatry. 1999;45(2):241-242.

Martin-Du Pan RC. Is there an indication for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment in elderly women with Addison [sic] disease? Beneficial and adverse effects of DHEA. [Article in French] Rev Med Suisse Romande. 2001;121(9):649-654.

Merrill JT. Dehydroepiandrosterone, a sex steroid metabolite in development for systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 2003;12(6):1017-1025.

Minghetti P, Cilurzo F, Casiraghi A, Montanari L, Santoro A. Development of patches for the controlled release of dehydroepiandrosterone. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2001;27(7):711-717.

Moffat SD, Zonderman AB, Harman M, Blackman MR, Kawas C, Resnick SM. The relationship between longitudinal declines in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations and cognitive performance in older men. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000;160(14):2193-198.

Morris KT, Toth-Fejel S, Schmidt J, Fletcher WS, Pommier RF. High dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate predicts breast cancer progression during new aromatase inhibitor therapy and stimulates breast cancer cell growth in tissue culture: a renewed role for adrenalectomy. Surgery. 2001;130(6):947-953.

Muller M, van den Beld AW, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Lamberts SW. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and atamestane supplementation on frailty in elderly men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Epublished ahead of print June 27, 2006.

Mure PY, Galdo M, Compagnone N. Bladder function after incomplete spinal cord injury in mice: quantifiable outcomes associated with bladder function and efficiency of dehydroepiandrosterone as a therapeutic adjunct. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004;100(1 Suppl):56-61.

Nair KS, Rizza RA, O'Brien P, et al. DHEA in elderly women and DHEA or testosterone in elderly men. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;355:1647-1659. Namazi MR. Steroid sulfatase inhibitors as novel additions to the antipsoriatic armamentarium. Medical Science Monitor. 2005;11(3):HY7-HY9.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, Online Edition. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2006. Available at: http://www.pharmacistsletter.com/(S(ulqz3s45omt3ag55um4kj345))/home.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=ND.

Nawata H, Yanase T, Goto K, Okabe T, Ashida K. Mechanism of action of anti-aging DHEA-S and the replacement of DHEA-S. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2002;123(8):1101-1106.

Nordmark G, Bengtsson C, Larsson A, Karlsson FA, Sturfelt G, Ronnblom L. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone supplement on health-related quality of life in glucocorticoid treated female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity. 2005;38(7):531-540.

Olech E, Merrill JT. DHEA supplementation: the claims in perspective. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2005;72(11):965-966, 968, and 970-971 passim.

Panjari M, Davis SR. DHEA therapy for women: effect on sexual function and wellbeing. Human Reproduction Update. 2007;13(3):239-248.

Parsons TD, Kratz KM, Thompson E, Stanczyk FZ, Buckwalter JG. DHEA supplementation and cognition in postmenopausal women. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2006;116(2):141-155.

Pepping J. DHEA: dehydroepiandrosterone. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy. 2000;57(22):2048-2050, 2053-2054 and 2056.

Percheron G, Hogrel JY, Denot-Ledunois S, et al. Effect of 1-year oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone to 60- to 80-year-old individuals on muscle function and cross-sectional area: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003;163(6):720-727.

Perrini S, Natalicchio A, Laviola L, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone stimulates glucose uptake in human and murine adipocytes by inducing GLUT1 and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Diabetes. 2004;53(1):41-52.

Petri MA, Lahita RG, Van Vollenhoven RF, et al; GL601 Study Group. Effects of prasterone on corticosteroid requirements of women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002;46(7):1820-1829.

Piketty C, Jayle D, Leplege A, Castiel P, Ecosse E, Gonzalez-Canali G, et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral dehydroepiandrosterone in patients with advanced HIV disease. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). 2001;55(3):325-330.

Pommier RF, Woltering EA, Keenan EJ, Fletcher WS. The mechanism of hormone-sensitive breast cancer progression on antiestrogen therapy. Implications for treatment and protocol planning. Archives of Surgery. 1987;122(11):1311-1316.

Racchi M, Balduzzi C, Corsini E. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and the aging brain: flipping a coin in the "fountain of youth". CNS Drug Review. 2003;9(1):21-40.

Reiter WJ, Pycha A, Schatzl G, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Urology. 1999;55(3):590-595.

Reiter WJ, Schatzl G, Mark I, Zeiner A, Pycha A, Marberger M. Dehydroepiandrosterone in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with different organic etiologies. Urology Research. 2001;29(4):278-281.

Rhoden EL, Gobbi D, Rhoden CR, et al. Effects of chronic administration of dehydroepiandrosterone on serum testosterone levels and prostatic tissue in rats. Journal of Urology. 2003;170(5):2101-2103.

Richards RJ, Porter JR, Svec F. Long-term oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone has different effects on energy intake of young lean and obese male Zucker rats when compared to controls of similar metabolic body size. Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism. 1999;1(4):233-239.

Safiulina D, Peet N, Seppet E, Zharkovsky A, Kaasik A. Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and is neurotoxic in vitro and in vivo at high concentrations. Toxicological Sciences. Epublished ahead of print July 18, 2006.

Salek FS, Bigos KL, Kroboth PD. The influence of hormones and pharmaceutical agents on DHEA and DHEA-S concentrations: a review of clinical studies. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002;42(3):247-266.

Schmidt PJ, Daly RC, Bloch M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone monotherapy in midlife-onset major and minor depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62(2):154-162.

Schmitt M, Klinga K, Schnarr B, Morfin R, Mayer D. Dehydroepiandrosterone stimulates proliferation and gene expression in MCF-7 cells after conversion to estradiol. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2001;173(1-2):1-13.

Shin MH, Rhie GE, Park CH, et al. Modulation of collagen metabolism by the topical application of dehydroepiandrosterone to human skin. Journal of Investigational Dermatology. 2005;124(2):315-323.

Shomali ME. The use of anti-aging hormones. Melatonin, growth hormone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone: consumer enthusiasm for unproven therapies. Maryland Medical Journal. 1997;46(4):181-186.

Silver H, Knoll G, Isakov V, Goodman C, Finkelstein Y. Blood DHEAS concentrations correlate with cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia patients: a pilot study. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2005;39(6):569-575.

Skerret PJ. DHEA: ignore the hype. QuackWatch. No Date Given. Available at: http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/dhea.html Accessed February 12, 2003.

Stoll BA. Dietary supplements of dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to breast cancer risk. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;53(10):771-775.

Straub RH, Lehle K, Herfarth H, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to other adrenal hormones during an acute inflammatory stressful disease state compared with chronic inflammatory disease: role of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2002;146(3):365-374.

Strous RD, Maayan R, Lapidus R, et al. Increased circulatory dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate in first-episode schizophrenia: relationship to gender, aggression and symptomatology. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;71(2-3):427-434.

Strous RD, Maayan R, Lapidus R, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone augmentation in the management of negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003;60(2):133-141.

Strous RD, Maayan R, Lapidus R, et al. Increased circulatory dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate in first-episode schizophrenia: relationship to gender, aggression and symptomatology. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;71(2-3):427-434.

Sulcova J, Hill M, Hampl R, et al. Effects of transdermal application of DHEA on the levels of steroids, gonadotropins and lipids in men. Physiology Research. 2000;49(6):685-693.

Sun Y, Mao M, Sun L, Feng Y, Yang J, Shen P. Treatment of osteoporosis in men using dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Chinese Medical Journal. (England). 2002;115(3):402-404.

Szathmari M, Vasarhelyi B, Treszl A, Tulassay T, Tulassay Z. Association of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone deficiency with bone turnover in men with inflammatory bowel disease. International Journal of Colorectal Diseases. 2002;17(2):63-66.

Takayanagi R, Goto K, Suzuki S, Tanaka S, Shimoda S, Nawata H. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as a possible source for estrogen formation in bone cells: correlation between bone mineral density and serum DHEA-sulfate concentration in postmenopausal women, and the presence of aromatase to be enhanced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human osteoblasts. Mechanisms of Ageing Development. 2002;123(8):1107-1114.

Tengstrand B, Carlstrom K, Fellander-Tsai L, Hafstrom I. Abnormal levels of serum dehydroepiandrosterone, estrone, and estradiol in men with rheumatoid arthritis: high correlation between serum estradiol and current degree of inflammation. Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 Nov;30(11):2338-2343.

Thijs L, Fagard R, Forette F, Nawrot T, Staessen JA. Are low dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate [sic] levels predictive for cardiovascular diseases? A review of prospective and retrospective studies. Acta Cardiologia. 2003;58(5):403-410.

Toth-Fejel S, Cheek J, Calhoun K, Muller P, Pommier RF. Estrogen and androgen receptors as comediators of breast cancer cell proliferation: providing a new therapeutic tool. Archives of Surgery. 2004;139(1):50-54.

van Vollenhoven RF, Engleman EG, McGurie JL. Dehydroepiandrosterone in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1995; 38(12):1826-1831.

van Vollenhoven RF, Morabito LM, Engleman EG, et al. Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Dehydroepiandrosterone: 50 Patients Treated up to 12 Months. Journal of Rheumatology. 1998; 25(2):285-289.

van Vollenhoven RF, Park JL, Genovese MC, West JP, McGuire JL. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of dehydroepiandrosterone in severe lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1999;8(3):181-187.

van Vollenhoven RF. Dehydroepiandrosterone for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy. 2002;3(1):23-31.

van Vollenhoven RF. Dehydroepiandrosterone in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 2000;26(2):349-362.

Villareal D, Holloszy JO. DHEA Enhances Effects of Weight Training on Muscle Mass and Strength in Elderly Women and Men. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism. Epublished ahead of print June 20, 2006.

Vogiatzi MG, Boeck MA, Vlachopapadopoulou E, el-Rashid R, New MI. Dehydroepiandrosterone in morbidly obese adolescents: effects on weight, body composition, lipids, and insulin resistance. Metabolism. 1996;45(8):1011-1015.

von Muhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. The Dehydroepiandrosterone And WellNess (DAWN) study: Research design and methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials. Epublished ahead of print May 6, 2006.

Wellman M, Shane-McWhorter L, Orlando PL, Jennings JP. The Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone in Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmacotherapy. 1999; 19(5):582-591.

Whelan AM, Jurgens TM, Bowles SK. Natural health products in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2006;40(5):836-849.

Wolf OT, Neumann O, Hellhammer DH, et al. Effects of a two-week physiological dehydroepiandrosterone substitution on cognitive performance and well-being in healthy elderly women and men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;82(7):2363-2367.

Wolf OT, Kudielka BM, Hellhammer DH, Hellhammer J, Kirschbaum C. Opposing effects of DHEA replacement in elderly subjects on declarative memory and attention after exposure to a laboratory stressor. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998;23(6):617-629.

Wolkowitz OM, Kramer JH, Reus VI, et al. DHEA-Alzheimer's Disease Collaborative Research. DHEA treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2003;60(7):1071-1076.

Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Keebler A, et al. Double-blind treatment of major depression with dehydroepiandrosterone. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156):646-649.

Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Manfredi F, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Treatment of Depression. Biology and Psychiatry.1997;41(3):311-318.

Wolkowitz OM, Kramer JH, Reus VI, et al. DHEA-Alzheimer's Disease Collaborative Research. DHEA treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2003;60(7):1071-1076.

Last Revised September 5, 2007